Proteins play many roles within the cell: Structural proteins constitute the cell’s framework, Defensive proteins (antibodies) neutralize microbes that try to invade it, Transport proteins carry oxygen to it, Enzyme proteins promote certain chemical reactions within the cell. The complex protein molecules are manufactured from smaller molecules, called amino acids. The sequences of amino acids…
To be alive, an organism must replicate and be subjected to natural selection pressures. This requires the capacity to take information acquired over generations and store it in memory, for purpose of survival. Synthetically made replication molecules, XNA’s, can pass genes on to their descendants and are thus capable of evolution. X stands for Xeno,…
Every form of life contains about 80% water, because the first living cells originated in water. The complex molecules that characterize living organisms are made up of simpler molecules that constitute the basic building blocks of life: Simple sugars, the cell’s preferred energy source, are stored in long chains of complex sugars. Fatty acids are…
Human cells are composed of a number of basic ingredients whose presence seems to be an essential condition for all living creatures on this planet: read more …
Some biologists assert that non-carbon-based life forms existed prior to carbon-based. They are called “memes”. A meme is any idea, concept, expression, image, skill, phrase, etc., that’s born out of no-thing. It can easily be transmitted from one human brain to another. Some variants spread more readily than others. Those human activities that have no…
According to esoteric cosmology: Human root races have been around for tens of millions of years. Duality/Darkness have been here ≈ 4 million years. The 5 sub-races (Steiner renamed “Cultural Epochs”) of the Aryan 5th Root Race all migrated from the “City of the Bridge” on the white island in the Gobi inland sea: the Hindu…
The Bio-Periodic Table of Elements The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the elements by increasing atomic number. The elements that have similar chemical properties are in the same column. This perspective highlights the 26 elements most important for living organisms. These include the big 6: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur. The rest…
Water molecules are cohesive because they are polar molecules. Since oil molecules are non polar, they are neither repelled nor attracted to each other. When drops of oil are added to water, the drops combine to form a larger drop, as the cohesion of the water molecules forces the oil drops to come together. Hydrophobic…
Hydrophilic interactions are interactions between water and other molecules. The molecules’ charged parts are attracted to the charges within the water molecule. The picture below shows a glucose molecule in solution. The water molecules surrounding it are shown in blue color. Glucose molecules have hydroxyl (OH–) groups which attract water. When sugar is in a…
H2O The main properties of water that are important to know of are: Ice floats. Usually when a liquid freezes, the solid is more dense than the liquid. In water, normally the solid phase is less dense than the liquid phase. If ice sank, ponds and lakes would freeze solid to the bottom making things…
Note that each decrease in pH by one pH unit means a 10-fold increase in concentration of hydrogen ions. read more …
Since hydrogen ions are positively charged, they alter the charge environment of the molecules they are bonded to. As a result, they change their shape. This is particularly important for proteins, because their shape is related to their function. The concentration of hydrogen ions is often expressed in terms of the pH scale: Low pH…
